Email asli di Psikologi_Transform
sendiri oleh "Audifax" <audivacx@yahoo.
Subject: TRIANGULATION
From: "Audifax" <audivacx@yahoo.
DDT: Wed Nov 21, 2007 8:44 pm
e-link: http://groups.
--- In R-Mania@yahoogroups
Triangulation (social science)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Triangulation in Research
* 2 Sources
* 3 External Links
* 4 Social Sciences Research
* 5 Family Therapy
* 6 Politics
* 7 International Relations
[edit] Triangulation in Research
What is triangulation?
Triangulation is the application and combination of several research
methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon.
• It can be employed in both quantitative (validation) and
qualitative (inquiry) studies.
• It is a method-appropriate strategy of founding the credibility of
qualitative analyses.
• It becomes an alternative to " traditional criteria like
reliability and validity"
• It is the preferred line in the social sciences
By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical
materials, researchers can hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic
biases and the problems that come from single method, single-observer,
single-theory studies.
Refer to *Triangulation in Research
Purpose of triangulation
The purpose of triangulation in qualitative research is to increase
the credibility and validity of the results. Several scholars have
aimed to define triangulation throughout the years.
• Cohen and Manion (1986) define triangulation as an "attempt to map
out, or explain more fully, the richness and complexity of human
behavior by studying it from more than one standpoint"(
• Altrichter et al. (1996) contend that triangulation "gives a more
detailed and balanced picture of the situation" (p. 117).
• According to O'Donoghue and Punch (2003), triangulation is a
"method of cross-checking data from multiple sources to search for
regularities in the research data" (p.78).
Types of Triangulation
Denzin (1978) identified four basic types of triangulation:
a. Data triangulation: involves time, space, and persons
b. Investigator triangulation: involves multiple researchers in an
investigation
c. Theory triangulation: involves using more than one theoretical
scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon
d. Methodological triangulation: involves using more than one method
to gather data.
[edit] Sources
Altrichter, H., Posch, P. & Somekh, B. (1996) Teachers investigate
their work; An introduction to the methods of action research. London:
Routledge.
Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research in
education: An introduction to theory and methods (2nd ed.). Boston,
MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1986). Research methods in education.
London: Croom Helm.
Denzin, N. (1978) Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook, NY: McGraw
Hill, 2nd ed.
[edit] External Links
* Types of Triangulation
* Triangulation: Establishing the Validity of Qualitative Studies
* Triangulation in Research
[edit] Social Sciences Research
In the social sciences, triangulation is often used to indicate that
more than one method is used in a study with a view to double (or
triple) checking results. This is also called "cross examination"
idea is that one can be more confident with a result if different
methods lead to the same result. If an investigator uses only one
method, the temptation is strong to believe in the findings. If an
investigator uses two methods, the results may well clash. By using
three methods to get at the answer to one question, the hope is that
a) two of the three will produce similar answers, or b) if three
clashing answers are produced, the investigator knows that the
question needs to be reframed, methods reconsidered, or both.
[edit] Family Therapy
In Family Systems Theory, whenever two people have problems with
each other, one or both will "triangle in" a third member. Murray
Bowen emphasized people respond to anxiety between each other by
shifting the focus to a third person, triangulation. In a triangle,
two are on the inside and one is on the outside. For example, rather
than talk with her husband about and deal with her frustration with
him, a new mother might preoccupy herself with her new child. In this
case, the wife diminishes her anxiety by ignoring its source (the
relationship between her and her husband); the husband is on the
outside and the wife and child are on the inside.
Similarly, in the same situation, instead of talk with his wife
about their marriage and deal with his frustration with her, the
husband might spend more time at work instead. He would thus be making
work as the inside relationship excluding his wife.
In either example, though anxiety is reduced, neither husband or
wife resolve the source of their anxiety.
Triangles usually have two individuals or entities in conflict, and
another entity or individual uninvolved with the conflict is brought
in. When tension is not high the relationship between the first two
individuals is desirable. The two original people of the relationship
or conflict are the inside positions of the triangle. The insiders
bond when they prefer each other, but in the case of conflict, another
entity or individual (the outsider) is brought in by one of the first
individuals in effort to either diffuse and avoid the situation or
team up against the other insider (see paragraph discussing high
levels of tension). The insiders may actively exclude the outsider
when tensions are not low between the insiders. Being excluded may
provoke intense feelings of rejection and the outsider works to get
closer to one of the insiders.
Like musical chairs, the positions are not fixed. If mild to
moderate tension develops between the insiders, the most uncomfortable
insider will move closer an outsider. The remaining original insider
then switches places with the outsider. The excluded insider becomes
the new outsider and the original outsider is now an insider.
Predictably, the new outsider may move to restore closeness with one
of the current insiders.
At a high level of tension, the outside position becomes the most
desirable. If the insiders conflict severely, one insider opts for the
outside position by getting the current outsider to fight with the
other insider. If the maneuvering insider succeeds, he gains the more
comfortable position of watching the other two people fight. When the
tension and conflict subside, the outsider will try to regain an
inside position.
------------
Be a better sports nut! Let your teams follow you with Yahoo Mobile.
Try it now.
--- End forwarded message ---
Change settings via the Web (Yahoo! ID required)
Change settings via email: Switch delivery to Daily Digest | Switch format to Traditional
Visit Your Group | Yahoo! Groups Terms of Use | Unsubscribe
__,_._,___
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar