Triangulation (social science)
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Contents
[hide]
* 1 Triangulation in Research
* 2 Sources
* 3 External Links
* 4 Social Sciences Research
* 5 Family Therapy
* 6 Politics
* 7 International Relations
[edit] Triangulation in Research
What is triangulation?
Triangulation is the application and combination of several research methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon.
• It can be employed in both quantitative (validation) and qualitative (inquiry) studies.
• It is a method-appropriate strategy of founding the credibility of qualitative analyses.
• It becomes an alternative to " traditional criteria like reliability and validity"
• It is the preferred line in the social sciences
By combining multiple observers, theories, methods, and empirical materials, researchers can hope to overcome the weakness or intrinsic biases and the problems that come from single method, single-observer, single-theory studies.
Refer to *Triangulation in Research
Purpose of triangulation
The purpose of triangulation in qualitative research is to increase the credibility and validity of the results. Several scholars have aimed to define triangulation throughout the years.
• Cohen and Manion (1986) define triangulation as an "attempt to map out, or explain more fully, the richness and complexity of human behavior by studying it from more than one standpoint"(p. 254).
• Altrichter et al. (1996) contend that triangulation "gives a more detailed and balanced picture of the situation" (p. 117).
• According to O'Donoghue and Punch (2003), triangulation is a "method of cross-checking data from multiple sources to search for regularities in the research data" (p.78).
Types of Triangulation
Denzin (1978) identified four basic types of triangulation:
a. Data triangulation: involves time, space, and persons
b. Investigator triangulation: involves multiple researchers in an investigation
c. Theory triangulation: involves using more than one theoretical scheme in the interpretation of the phenomenon
d. Methodological triangulation: involves using more than one method to gather data.
[edit] Sources
Altrichter, H., Posch, P. & Somekh, B. (1996) Teachers investigate their work; An introduction to the methods of action research. London: Routledge.
Bogdan, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research in education: An introduction to theory and methods (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Cohen, L., & Manion, L. (1986). Research methods in education. London: Croom Helm.
Denzin, N. (1978) Sociological Methods: A Sourcebook, NY: McGraw Hill, 2nd ed.
[edit] External Links
* Types of Triangulation
* Triangulation: Establishing the Validity of Qualitative Studies
* Triangulation in Research
[edit] Social Sciences Research
In the social sciences, triangulation is often used to indicate that more than one method is used in a study with a view to double (or triple) checking results. This is also called "cross examination". The idea is that one can be more confident with a result if different methods lead to the same result. If an investigator uses only one method, the temptation is strong to believe in the findings. If an investigator uses two methods, the results may well clash. By using three methods to get at the answer to one question, the hope is that a) two of the three will produce similar answers, or b) if three clashing answers are produced, the investigator knows that the question needs to be reframed, methods reconsidered, or both.
[edit] Family Therapy
In Family Systems Theory, whenever two people have problems with each other, one or both will "triangle in" a third member. Murray Bowen emphasized people respond to anxiety between each other by shifting the focus to a third person, triangulation. In a triangle, two are on the inside and one is on the outside. For example, rather than talk with her husband about and deal with her frustration with him, a new mother might preoccupy herself with her new child. In this case, the wife diminishes her anxiety by ignoring its source (the relationship between her and her husband); the husband is on the outside and the wife and child are on the inside.
Similarly, in the same situation, instead of talk with his wife about their marriage and deal with his frustration with her, the husband might spend more time at work instead. He would thus be making work as the inside relationship excluding his wife.
In either example, though anxiety is reduced, neither husband or wife resolve the source of their anxiety.
Triangles usually have two individuals or entities in conflict, and another entity or individual uninvolved with the conflict is brought in. When tension is not high the relationship between the first two individuals is desirable. The two original people of the relationship or conflict are the inside positions of the triangle. The insiders bond when they prefer each other, but in the case of conflict, another entity or individual (the outsider) is brought in by one of the first individuals in effort to either diffuse and avoid the situation or team up against the other insider (see paragraph discussing high levels of tension). The insiders may actively exclude the outsider when tensions are not low between the insiders. Being excluded may provoke intense feelings of rejection and the outsider works to get closer to one of the insiders.
Like musical chairs, the positions are not fixed. If mild to moderate tension develops between the insiders, the most uncomfortable insider will move closer an outsider. The remaining original insider then switches places with the outsider. The excluded insider becomes the new outsider and the original outsider is now an insider. Predictably, the new outsider may move to restore closeness with one of the current insiders.
At a high level of tension, the outside position becomes the most desirable. If the insiders conflict severely, one insider opts for the outside position by getting the current outsider to fight with the other insider. If the maneuvering insider succeeds, he gains the more comfortable position of watching the other two people fight. When the tension and conflict subside, the outsider will try to regain an inside position.
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